Minerals to Know
Mineral
Formula
diamond
graphite
C
gold
Au
iron
Fe
sulfur
S
halite
NaCl
fluorite
CaF2
calcite
aragonite
CaCO3
dolomite
(Ca, Mg)CO3
coroundum
Al2O3
ice
H2O
anhydrite
CaSO4
gypsum
CaSO4 . 2H2O
galena
PbS
pyrite
FeS2
sphalerite
ZnS
potassium feldspar
(K-spar)
KAlSi3O8
quartz
SiO2
* olivine
(Mg,Fe)SiO4
* pyroxene
(Mg,Fe,Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)Si2O6

From the Mohs hardness scale, you need to know: gypsum, calcite, fluorite, potassium feldspar, quartz, corundum, and diamond.
 

* The two minerals with an asterisk you do not need to know.  I placed them on the chart to show you how some minerals may seem to have a difficult formula, but they are actually very easy.