Citation/referencing and bibliographic styles (MLA, APA, Chicago) differ. The History Department at Eastern Illinois recommends using the one most common in history monographs and journals: that abbreviated from The Chicago Manual of Style, known as Turabian style. This citation guide conforms to the latest edition of Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term papers, Theses, and Dissertations, which was revised after her death.(1) While many social sciences have gone to parenthetical references (shortened references in parentheses within the text), history still relies mainly on footnotes or endnotes.(2) Journals which use notes invariably modify Turabian style slightly; and what follows does so too, but only by eliminating the publisher from the note (retaining it in the bibliography).
This paragraph gives examples of the most common references to printed works. Books by a single author (11.3) or by two (11.4) or more have long followed the same format, though note that p. and pp. have been discarded.(3) Articles may be by one author in a work by another (11.26) or a journal article (11.39).(4) (Note that page numbers precede the place of publication in the bibliographic form for the former [see Bibliography], while page numbers follow the date and a colon for the latter.) Articles in newspapers may have no author given (11.44).(5) And you may need to cite a secondary source of quotation (11.31). For example, "the French national have so complaisant a regard for the fair sex that they always mix with 'em in conversation."(6) And well-known encyclopedias or reference books (11.42) are not listed in bibliographies, and only the edition is specified in the note.(7) For other special types of printed work refer to A Manual for Writers. Finally, you should shorten the second reference to a work already cited (8.88). I use method A (8.90) which uses author's last name, shortened title, (if needed, volume,) and page number.(8)
You might also want to refer to material drawn from the world wide web (or internet). For example, you might want to use the etext of Moll Flanders from the Gutenberg project, which is part of the Universal Library at Carnegie Mellon University.(9)
2. While I use footnotes here, most professors consider them interchangeable with endnotes. (Pick one or the other and stick with it.) Parenthetical references are compared with note references in Turabian, A Manual for Writers, ch. 11. The defense for such a vestigial usage is both practical and, of course, historical. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
3. David M. Loades, Elizabeth I (London: Hambledon and London, 2003), 59-60; Alfred L. Rose and George B. Harrison, Queen Elizabeth and Her Subjects (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1935, 1970), 1:1-4.
4. Patrick Collinson, "The Elizabeth Church and the New Religion," in The Reign of Elizabeth I, ed. Christopher Haigh (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 187; Tarnya Cooper, "Queen Elizabeth's Public Face," History Today 53, 5 (2003): 38-41.
5. The London Gazette, 14-17 July 1716.
6. [Richard Mulcaster], The Passage of Our Most Dread Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth through the City of London to Westminster the Day Before Her Coronation (London, 1559); quoted in Elizabeth I: Collected Works, ed., Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 54.
7. John A. Wagner, ed., Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1999), "Northern Rebellion." [For an alphabetically organized work, like the Oxford English Dictionary or the Dictionary of National Biography, it usually sufficient to reference the entry, say, "William Shakespeare," and not the page numbers.]
8. Thus, the subsequent reference to the sources in footnote 3 above would be Loades, 59-60 [or, if you have more than one Loades, Loades, Elizabeth I, 59-60]; and Rose and Harrison, 1:1-4 [or if you have more than one Rose and Harrison, Rose and Harrison, Queen Elizabeth and Her Subjects, 1:1-4].
9. Heather Thomas, The Life and Times of Queen Elizabeth I <http://www.elizabethi.org>, 1998-2003. [where date at end is date page is last updated, not last accessed by user]