EXAMPLES OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS

Pathway-specific

G protein

· Protein kinase C (cAMP)

· Phospholipase C-b (DAG, IP3)

· Protein kinase A

Enzyme-linked pathways

• Receptor tyrosine kinase associated

· Ras (growth factors)

· PI3 kinase

· ERK

· P38

· MEK

· AKT

• Tyrosine kinase associated receptors

· JAK/STAT (cytokines)

· SMAD

Proteolysis-dependent pathways

· Notch (Delta)

· Wnt (b-catenin)

· NF-kB

· Hedgehog

Nuclear receptors

Glucocorticoid

Disease-specific

• Insulin signaling (diabetes)
• COX-2 (inflammation)
• Apoptosis
• Genotoxic stress/UV light
• Cancer
• VEGF
• p53
• PTEN
• Smell
• Oderant receptors

Immune response

· T cell receptor

· B cell receptor

Ligand-specific

· Tumor necrosis factor (TNFa)

· Interferon

· Nitric oxide

· Lipopolysaccharide

· Fas

· Neurotrophin

· Peptide-derived growth factor (PDGF)

· Epidermal-derived growth factor (EGF)

· Nerve growth factor (NGF)

· Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b)

· Bone morphogenic protein (BMPs)

· Integrins

· Interleukins -1 through -19 (IL-1 top IL-19)

· Erythropoietin